Thursday, September 19, 2013

smoking




Cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health.
We kept on hearing and seeing this message, right? But how come a lot of people are still smoking cigars?
Aren’t they aware of its bad result?

As per US study, smoking causes an estimated 90% of all lung cancer deaths in men and 80% of all lung cancer deaths in women.
Also, they mentioned that 90% of all deaths from chronic obstructive lung disease are caused by smoking.

Do you think people knew about this?
If yes, how come they kept on smoking cigarettes? If no, why aren’t they aware? Isn’t it that each cigar package has its own label of “CIGARETTE SMOKING IS DANGEROUS TO YOUR HEALTH”?

People are already aware of danger that is brought by cigarettes but how come they are still doing it?

According to some studies, we aren’t aware about the good side of smoking cigarettes. Yes, you heard that right, they mentioned that there is still a good result when smoking. What are those?

A study by Korean researchers in the October 2010 issue of the journal Thrombosis Research builds upon work by Harvard researchers published in 2009 that demonstrates the benefit of smoking at least 10 cigarettes a day. It seems that something in cigarette smoke activates certain proteins called cytochromes, which convert clopidogrel into a more active state.

Korean researchers mentioned on their article the four good side of smoking cigar.

1.       Smoking lowers risk of knee-replacement surgery
While smokers might go broke buying a pack of cigarettes, they can at least save money by avoiding knee-replacement surgery. Surprising results from a new study have revealed that men who smoke had less risk of undergoing total joint replacement surgery than those who never smoked. 
The study, from the University of Adelaide in Australia, appears in the July issue of the journal Arthritis & Rheumatism. What could be the connection? Knee-replacement surgery was more common among joggers and the obese; smokers rarely jog, and they are less likely to bemorbidly obese
After controlling for age, weight and exercise, the researchers were at a loss to explain the apparent, albeit slight protective effects of smoking for osteoporosis. It could be that the nicotine in tobacco helps prevent cartilage and joint deterioration.

2.       Smoking lowers risk of Parkinson's disease
Numerous studies have identified the uncanny inverse relationship between smoking and Parkinson's disease. Long-term smokers are somehow protected against Parkinson's, and it's not because smokers die of other things earlier.
The most recent, well-conducted study was published in a March 2010 issue of the journal Neurology. Far from determining a cause for the protective effect, these researchers found that the number of years spent smoking, more so than the number of cigarettes smoked daily, mattered more for a stronger protective effect.
Harvard researchers were among the first to provide convincing evidence that smokers were less likely to develop Parkinson's. In a study published in Neurology in March 2007, these researchers found the protective effect wanes after smokers quit. And they concluded, in their special scientific way, that they didn't have a clue as to why.
3.       Smoking lowers risk of obesity
Smoking — and, in particular, the nicotine in tobacco smoke — is an appetite suppressant. This has been known for centuries, dating back to indigenous cultures in America in the pre-Columbus era. Tobacco companies caught on by the 1920s and began targeting women with the lure that smoking would make them thinner. 
A study published in the July 2011 issue of the journal Physiology & Behavior, in fact, is one of many stating that the inevitable weight gain upon quitting smoking is a major barrier in getting people to stop, second only to addiction.
The relationship between smoking and weight control is complex: Nicotine itself acts as both a stimulant and appetite suppressant; and the act of smoking triggers behavior modification that prompts smokers to snack less. Smoking also might make food less tasty for some smokers, further curbing appetite. As an appetite suppressant, nicotine appears to act on a part of the brain called the hypothalamus, at least in mice, as revealed in a study by Yale researchers published in the June 10, 2011, issue of the journal Science.
No respectable doctor would recommend smoking for weight control, given the toxic baggage accompanying cigarettes. This recent Yale study, however, does offer an inkling of hope for a safe diet drug to help obese people control their appetites.

4.       Smoking lowers risk of death after some heart attacks
Compared with non-smokers, smokers who have had heart attacks seem to have lower mortality rates and more favorable responses to two kinds of therapy to remove plaque from their arteries: fibrinolytic therapy, which is basically medication; and angioplasty, which removes the plaque by inserting balloons or stents into the arteries.
There's a catch, though. The reason why smokers have heart attacks is that smoke scars the arteries, allowing fat and plaque to build up in the first place. So, one theory as to why smokers do better than non-smokers after such therapies is that they are younger, experiencing their first heart attack approximately 10 years before the non-smoker.
A study published in an August 2005 issue of the American Heart Journal, however, states that age alone is not enough to fully explain the survival differences and that "the smoker's paradox is alive and well."  No alternative theories have been put forth since.

5.       Smoking helps the heart drug clopidogrel work better
Clopidogrel is a drug used to inhibit blood clots for those patients suffering from coronary artery disease and other circulatory diseasesleading to strokes and heart attacks. Smoking seems to help clopidogrel do its job better.
However, despite these good sides of smoking, still we aren’t encouraging everyone to smoke. Remember, there are still multiple bad effects of smoking.

What are those?

First, Smoking causes death - The adverse health effects from cigarette smoking account for more than 440,000 deaths, or nearly one of every five deaths, each year.
·         More deaths are caused each year by tobacco use than by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), illegal drug use, alcohol use, motor vehicle injuries, suicides, and murders combined.
·         If nobody smoked, one of every three cancer deaths in the Philippines would not happen.
·         Smoking causes an estimated 90% of all lung cancer deaths in men and 80% of all lung cancer deaths in women.
·         An estimated 90% of all deaths from chronic obstructive lung disease are caused by smoking.

Compared with nonsmokers, smoking is estimated to increase the risk of the following:
·         Coronary heart disease by 2 to 4 times,
·         Stroke by 2 to 4 times,
·         Men developing lung cancer by 23 times,
·         Women developing lung cancer by 13 times, and
·         Dying from chronic obstructive lung diseases (such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema) by 12 to 13 times.

Smoking causes coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death in the United States and so as here in the Philippines.
·         Cigarette smoking causes reduced circulation by narrowing the blood vessels (arteries) and puts smokers at risk of developing peripheral vascular disease (i.e., obstruction of the large arteries in the arms and legs that can cause a range of problems from pain to tissue loss or gangrene).
·         Smoking causes abdominal aortic aneurysm (i.e., a swelling or weakening of the main artery of the body—the aorta—where it runs through the abdomen).
·         Cigarette smoking causes reduced circulation by narrowing the blood vessels (arteries) and puts smokers at risk of developing peripheral vascular disease (i.e., obstruction of the large arteries in the arms and legs that can cause a range of problems from pain to tissue loss or gangrene).
·         Smoking causes abdominal aortic aneurysm (i.e., a swelling or weakening of the main artery of the body—the aorta—where it runs through the abdomen).

Not only that, smoking also cause MULTIPLE variations of CANCER, those are:
·         Acute myeloid leukemia
·         Bladder cancer
·         Cancer of the cervix
·         Cancer of the esophagus
·         Kidney cancer
·         Cancer of the larynx (voice box)
·         Lung cancer
·         Cancer of the oral cavity (mouth)
·         Pancreatic cancer
·         Cancer of the pharynx (throat)
·         Stomach cancer

Smoking also has many adverse reproductive and early childhood effects, including increased risk for:
·         Infertility
·         Preterm delivery
·         Stillbirth
·         Low birth weight
·         Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

It is also more dangerous for women to smoke, why? Because,
·         Postmenopausal women who smoke have lower bone density than women who never smoked.
·         Women who smoke have an increased risk for hip fracture than women who never smoked.

We are really hoping that a lot of people will know the danger that they will get when they smoke. There are lots of bad effects than good effects that come from smoking.

Are you also thinking what’s inside of those cigarettes? As we continuously doing our research, we’ve found that each cigar consists of:
·         Tar - This ingredient, which gives cigarettes flavor, is the same thick black substance used to pave roads and driveways.
·         Formaldehyde - This is the same stuff used to preserve dead animals, like the frogs dissected in some biology classes.
·         Cyanide - also a main ingredient in rat poison.
·         Lead - It's also found in some kinds of paint.
·         Acetone - a common ingredient in paint and nail polish remover.
·         Ammonia - Besides the fact that it's in many household cleaners, it's also in cigarettes.
·         Carbon monoxide - a common pollutant and the same stuff that escapes from the exhaust in cars.
·         Hydrazine - a chemical used in jets and rocket fuel.

But not only that, there are also some other gross stuff is in there too like:
·         Acetone - Nail Polish Remover
·         Acetic Acid - Vinegar
·         Ammonia: Floor /Toilet Cleaner
·         Arsenic: Poison
·         Benzene
·         Butane: Lighter Fluid
·         Cadmium: NiCad Batteries
·         Carbon Monoxide: Car Exhaust Fumes
·         Cyanide: Metabolic Poison
·         Chloroform: Anesthetic
·         DDT/Dieldrin: Insecticides
·         Ethanol: Alcohol
·         Formaldehyde: Preserver (Body, Tissue and Fabric)
·         Hexamine: Barbecue Lighter
·         Methane: Swamp Gas
·         Methanol: Rocket Fuel
·         Napthalene: Mothballs
·         Nicotine: Insecticide, Addictive Drug
·         Nitrobenzene: Gasoline Additive
·         Nitrous Oxide Phenols : Disinfectant
·         Stearic Acid: Candle Wax
·         Toluene: Industrial Solven
·         Vinyl Chloride: Makes PVC

So it only means that when you smoke, literally those ingredients that have been mentioned are entering your body going through your lungs. Our lungs suffer a lot and in the end, it will stop working which will lead you to death.

Are you smoking? You better stop as early as now, or else, you know what will happen SOON.

Saturday, July 14, 2012

ComFund (Prelim Reviewer)

This might help peeps.
-Shy ♥

Computer Basic Function
(APSP)

1. Accepts Input
- whatever is being put into the PC
- needs an input device
- controlled by a program
(ex: words, symbols)

2.) Process Data
- data, refers to symbols that represents facts, objects and ideas
- process, a way inwhich a computer manipulates data

3.) Stores Data
  • Types of Data Storage:
    • memory - memory card, CMOS, RAM
    • storage device (non-volatile) - hard disk, floppy, USB and CDs
4.) Produces Output
- results produced by PC
- needs an output device
(ex: reports, documents, files)





Evolution of Computers

First Generation (1940-not sure till when, wasnt able to copy it, please ask others)
VACUUM TUBES
- circuitry and often enormous, taking up entire rooms
- magnetic drums as primary storage device
- uses machines languages for instructions

INPUT - punched cards and paper tape 
OUTPUT - printouts

Samples:
*UNIVAC
          -the first commercial computer delivered to a business client

*ENIAC
          - first computer used for scientific studies

*EDVAC
          - the first computer to hold both stored program as well as data


Second Generation (1936-1963)
TRANSISTORS
- replaced the vacuum tubes
- smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy efficient and more reliable
- computers could handle enormous amount of data
- used in business, universities and government companies


Third Generations (1964-1971)
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
- drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers
- uses keyboard, monitors and interfaced with an operating system
- computers been able to run different application program


Fourth Generation (1971-present)
MICROPROCESSORS
- an integrated circuit designed to process instructions
- CPU is the most important element of a computer system




Capabilities of a Computer
- ability to link embed
- change different fonts and graphics
- defined by its hardware and the software
- endless and limitless, we cannot put boundary to its ability




Qualities that Defines Computer Capability
1. speed
2. repetitiveness
3. accuracy
4. logic operations
5. store and recall operation
6. self checking
7. self operation





General Applications of Computer
1. Scientific Research
- cloning, weather forecasting
2. Business/E-Commerce
- banking, online shopping
3.Entertainment
- movie effects, gaming
4. Education / World Wide Web
- e-learning
5. Connectivity / Communication
- email, social networking
6. Aviation
- airport
7. Military Operations
- nuclear weapon, GPS (Global Positioning System)
8. Programming
- visual basic, java, perl, c++, delphi
9. Artificial Intelligence
- robotics, speech recognition




MS Word / Microsoft Word
- software program  that enables the user to create a professional looking
ex: letters, mails / mailings, flyers, diploma

  • Shortcut/steps on how to open Microsoft Word using keyboard:
    • press window key /or/ ctrl + esc
    • use arrow keys < > ^ to select all programs then enter
    • select microsoft / ms office then choose MSWord 2007
    • press enter key


Functions of Mouse
- click
- right click
- pointing
- dragging
- double click
- left click isn't included, ok?!



Anatomy of MS Word
1. Title Bar
- the name of the file / document
2. Office Button
- its like start button
3. Tabs
- menu, edit, files
4. Minimize, maximize, close or exit button
5. Ribbon
- toolbars under home or under tabs
- CTRL + f1 to show/hide ribbons
6. Horizontal / Vertical Ruler
- automatic 1" each - left, right, up and down
7. Elevator Bar
- also known as scroll bar
8. Status Bar
- showing thepages and how many words you have on your document
9. Blinking Cursor
10. Document Area
- also known as editing screen
11. View Tabs/ Buttons
- view layouts
12. Zoom
- zoom button, zoom in, zoom out
- 10-500%




Keyboard Shortcuts
- single spare without using mouse

CTRL A = select all
CTRL B = bold
CTRL C = copy
CTRL D = font dialog box
CTRL E = center
CTRL F = find/replace dialog box
CTRL G = go to tab
CTRL H = replace tab
CTRL I = italic
CTRL J = justify
CTRL K = hyperlink
CTRL L = left
CTRL M = tab
CTRL N = new document
CTRL O = open
CTRL P = print
CTRL Q = ---none---
CTRL  R = right align
CTRL S = save
CTRL T = tab/indent
CTRL U = underline
CTRL V = paste
CTRL X = cut
CTRL Y = redo
CTRL Z = undo




Classifications of Computer
1. technology
2.  function
3. physical size
4. performance
5. cost



Computer Categories
1. mainframe
2. minicomputer
3. microcomputer
4. supercomputer
5. server

  • Mainframe
    • large, fast and expensive
    • reliable and secured
    • used by business and government
    • centralized, storage, processing, distribution and management of large amount of data
      • 3 Units of Mainframe
        • over all operations
        • handles communications with all users
        • finding data requested
          • samples: IBM (International Business Machine)
            • speed from 0.034 MIPS to 1.700 MIPS
            • to cover the full range of applications, from small to large 
  • Minicomputer
    • a system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously
    • smaller, less expensive and less powerful machines
    • perform all terminals, business applications
      • sample: The PDP-8 (1960's)
        •  the first successful commercial mini computer
        • built with discrete transistor
        • built 60's - distribute '65
        • Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
  • Microcomputers
    •  general purpose computer useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end user
    • also called personal computers, PC
    • ex: desktop, notebook, laptops and PDA
      • sample: Altair 8800
        • microcomputer designed for 1915
        • based on the intel 8080 CPU
        •  sold thousands in the first month
        • recognized as the spark that led to the personal computer revolution computer bus designed 
      • 2nd sample: Apple 2 / Apple II
        • 1977 - one of the first highly successful mass produced microcomputer
        • among the first home computers on the market, and became one of the most recognizable and successful
        • sold between 5 and 6 million until 1993
  •  Supercomputer
    • faster and most expensive (1m-100million)
    • "compute-intensive" tasks
      • molecular modelling
      • code breaking
      • weather prediction
      • physical simulation
    • speed - complex processing
      • movement of thousands of particles in a tornado
      • creating realistic animation
        • sample: Illian IV
          • one of the most infamous supercomputers ever built
          • 256 processors - parallel processing
        • sample 2: IBM Road Runner
          • world's fastest computer
          • US $133million
          • US (DDE) National Nuclear Security Administration
  • Server
    • a special type of computer that is configure to serve the computers on a network
    • store and distribute data and/or allow clients to exchange files or access a centralized resources
    • can be personal computer
      • sample: near view server


Components of Computer
  • Hardware
    • system unit
      • motherboard
      • processor
      • memory
      • power supply
    • devices
      • input
      • output
      • communication
 
 
 
The System Unit
- main body of the computer
    • samples:
      • motherboard
      • cooling fans
      • internal disk drives
      • memory modules
      • expansion cards
      • power supply
  • expansion card samples:
    • video card
    • sound card
    • LAN card
    • wifi card
 
 
 
Rearview of the System Unit
  • Serial Port
    • used for old joysticks and POs (point of sales)
  • Motherboard
    • also known as 'system board'
    • main system board of the system unit
      • Components attached to motherboard
        • processor
        • memory
        • buses
        • system clock
        • expansion slots and adapter cards
        • ports
 

Saturday, June 23, 2012

Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech
  • Noun
  • Verb
  • Preposition
  • Adjectives
  • Interjection
  • Conjuction
  • Pronoun
  • Adverb
NOUN
- a word used to indicate a person, thing, place or idea

VERB
- conveys an action

PREPOSITION
-

Four (4) Language of Skills

Four (4) Language of Skills
  1. Listening
  2. Speaking
  3. Reading
  4. Writing
Note: There are some that they were adding VIEWING to the language of skills.

Essential Processes of Management

TWO ESSENTIAL PROCESSES of MANAGEMENT


DECISION MAKING
- the process of choosing from two or more alternatives

Example:
PLANNING - the manager decides among alternative ways of accomplishing objectives
ORGANIZING - the manager evaluates different grouping of jobs and patterns of authority and responsibility


COMMUNICATING
- the process of exchanging facts, ideas, opinions and emotions between two or more persons
- manager must receive much needed information to be able to plan effectively
- the plan must be communicated if it is to be put into action